The Primitives Framework provides a systematic approach to designing and implementing decentralized organizations as purpose-aligned networks. Building on the overview provided in the DAO Primitives Project, this framework offers a deeper exploration of the key concepts, dimensions, and components that enable effective decentralized coordination.
The DAO Primitives Project provides a framework, conceptual tools, and practical patterns for building purpose-aligned networks of small autonomous teams that can scale effectively while maintaining coordination, adaptability, and emergent collective intelligence.
Our current organizational models were optimized for an era of industrial production and hierarchical management, creating structures that excel at efficiency but struggle with complexity, adaptability, and equitable value distribution. Decentralized organizations offer transformative alternatives through their core properties: distributed authority that prevents power concentration, permissionless innovation that unlocks collective intelligence, transparent operations that build trust, and aligned incentives that share value with all contributors.
As our societal challenges grow increasingly complex and interconnected—from climate change to economic inequality—we need coordination systems that can harness diverse perspectives, adapt quickly to emerging conditions, and align human activity with regenerative outcomes.
We developed the DAO Primitives project around purpose-aligned networks of small autonomous teams as a conceptual starting point for designing decentralized organizations. The DAO primitives allow communities of all kinds to build their own purpose aligned networks that can act in deliberate coherent ways to create better futures for everyone who participates in them.
Understanding the Framework
The Primitives Framework helps organizations design coordination systems by providing organizational patterns (structural building blocks like DAOs, Cells, Roles, Tasks) and dimensional lenses (assessment tools for Phase, Scale, and State). These are un-opinionated components that can be combined and configured to create governance and operational systems tailored to specific contexts and needs.
Unlike prescriptive frameworks that dictate how organizations should be structured, this approach offers maximum flexibility while maintaining coherence and interoperability. It enables experimentation with novel forms of coordination that can potentially outperform traditional organizational models.
Note on “Primitives”: The framework uses “patterns” to describe organizational structures (DAOs, Cells, Roles, Tasks) and reserves “primitives” for technical implementation tools (smart contracts, tokens, governance protocols). The framework helps you understand your organizational structure before selecting technical primitives to implement it.
The framework addresses a crucial challenge: how can decentralized networks scale while balancing efficiency with innovation, autonomy with alignment, and flexibility with coherence?
Framework Components
At its core, the Primitives Framework is built around two complementary elements:
- Dimensional Lenses: Three key perspectives - Group Phase, Group Scale, and Group State - that help assess and understand organizational contexts
- Organizational Patterns: Fundamental building blocks - DAOs, Cells, Roles, and Tasks - that can be combined to create tailored organizational systems
Together, these elements provide a flexible yet coherent approach to designing decentralized organizations that can harness collective intelligence while maintaining purpose alignment across diverse and distributed teams.
Dimensional Lense
1. Group Phase
Group Phase recognizes that organizations evolve through distinct developmental stages, each with its own characteristics and needs. Understanding where a group is in its journey helps select appropriate tools, practices, and structures.
The framework identifies five key phases:
- Conversation Phase: Initial exploration and idea generation focus on open dialogue, relationship building, and establishing shared vision before formal structures emerge
- Formation Phase: Establishing basic structure and roles with minimal formality, emphasizing trust-building and defining initial procedures for group operation
- Organization Phase: Implementing formal structures, defined processes, and governance mechanisms to create sustainable and scalable organizational systems
- Iteration Phase: Ongoing execution and evolution, with groups operating at full capacity while iterating and improving based on feedback
- Completion Phase: Concluding initiatives, capturing learnings, and transitioning resources when projects or groups reach their natural conclusion
Learn more about Group Phase
2. Group Scale
Group Scale acknowledges that the size and complexity of a group fundamentally affects how it functions. Different scales require different approaches to communication, decision-making, and coordination.
The framework identifies four distinct scales:
- Collaboration Scale (sub 10 people): High-bandwidth, synchronous communication with direct relationships
- Coordination Scale (10-150 people): Multiple teams or structured working relationships requiring explicit coordination mechanisms
- Constituency Scale (100s +): Broader communities requiring large scale governance mechanisms
- Network Scale Interconnected networks of organizations
Most contexts require organizations operate at multiple scales simultaneously, with different functions happening at different scales. The DAO primitives framework helps design appropriate coordination mechanisms for each scale.
Learn more about Group Scale
3. Group State
Group State focuses on how having a transparent organizational state for each entity in a network, enables effective coordination in decentralized systems. For groups to interact effectively without centralized control, they need clear interfaces that make them interoperable and universally addressable.
In the DAO primitives framework Group state consists of three core components:
- Purpose: Why the group exists and what it aims to achieve
- Practice: How the group operates and makes decisions
- Progress: How the group tracks, measures, and communicates its activities
This state documentation serves as a “public interface” that enables both internal coherence and external coordination. It allows groups to have an existence that is both independent from the larger network and integrated into it through agreements with other entities.
Learn more about Group State
Organizational Patterns
Building on these dimensional lenses, the framework identifies fundamental building blocks that can be combined to create organizational systems:
1. Core Conceptual Primitives
At the highest level, three foundational organizational primitives:
- Entities/Groups: Individuals, teams, or organizations with animating purpose and internal agreements
- Networks: Clusters of entities animated by shared purpose and common agreements
- Agreements: Commitments within and between entities that enable coordination
2. Organizational Building Blocks
Although the above conceptual framework could be used to design a wide range of different governance and operational structures, the Primitives Framework leans heavily on the following 4 organizational patterns:
- DAOs: Purpose-aligned networks of small autonomous teams
- Cells: Teams of fewer than 10 people collaborating on specific ongoing activities
- Roles: Sets of responsibilities, permissions, and accountabilities held by individuals or entities
- Tasks: Defined pieces of work with clear deliverables delivered by individuals or entities
These patterns can be combined in various ways to create organizational systems tailored to specific contexts and needs. Their power lies in their flexibility and composability while maintaining coherence that enables interoperability. When ready for implementation, these patterns are realized using technical primitives like smart contracts, governance protocols, and coordination tools.
Group Facilitation
The Group Facilitation Guide provides a structured methodology for applying these concepts to real-world organizational challenges.
The facilitation process typically involves:
- Assessing Context: Understanding the group’s current phase, scale, and state
- Identifying Needs: Determining the most pressing challenges and opportunities
- Selecting Patterns: Choosing appropriate organizational patterns from the Pattern Library
- Implementing Solutions: Adapting and applying these patterns to the specific context
- Evolving & Iterating: Continuously refining the approach based on feedback
Framework Applications
The Primitives Framework can be applied to diverse organizational contexts:
New Organization Design
For groups creating new decentralized organizations, the framework provides:
- A structured approach to designing governance and operational systems
- Guidance on selecting appropriate patterns for the group’s phase and scale
- Templates and tools for implementing key organizational components
Existing Organization Evolution
For established organizations looking to become more decentralized, the framework offers:
- Diagnostic tools for assessing current structures and practices
- Incremental pathways for transitioning toward more distributed models
- Compatible patterns that can be integrated with existing systems
Inter-organizational Coordination
For networks of organizations working together, the framework provides:
- Shared language and concepts for designing collaborative structures
- Interoperability standards that enable effective coordination
- Scalable governance patterns for managing network-level decisions
- See RPP Governance Design Case Study
Enabling Collective Intelligence
A central goal of the framework is to enable emergent collective intelligence in decentralized networks through three key mechanisms:
Permissionless Network Access: As outlined in [Minimum Viable Permissionless-ness](artifacts/primitives-framework/articles/Minimum Viable Permissionless-ness.md), the framework emphasizes essential freedoms - the freedom to work on something without permission, the ability to attract collaborators, and the right to propose to the broader network. These freedoms enable knowledge from individuals working “close to reality” to influence strategy and resource allocation through decentralized governance rather than centralized decision-making.
Transparent State Documentation: Clear documentation of group state (Purpose, Practice, Progress) creates the transparency needed for decentralized coordination. By making purpose, practices, and progress visible, organizations enable self-organization around emerging opportunities, autonomous yet aligned decision-making, and effective collaboration across teams and entities.
Multi-scale Governance: The framework’s attention to different scales enables organizations to implement appropriate governance mechanisms at each context - from high-context, relationship-based collaboration at small scales to explicit role-based coordination at medium scales to democratic, representative governance at larger scales. This multi-scale approach achieves both the efficiency benefits of structured coordination and the innovation benefits of autonomous experimentation, with capture resistance through fewer governance concentration points and flexibility to respond to changing contexts.
Further Exploration
The framework is supported by a rich ecosystem of related resources:
- The Pattern Library provides reusable solutions to common organizational challenges
- The Implementation section offers practical guides and case studies
- The Resources section provides templates and tools for implementation
Together, these resources form a comprehensive toolkit for designing, implementing, and evolving decentralized organizations that can effectively harness collective intelligence while maintaining purpose alignment.